Homework

Ex. 1

a. Complete the words.

1. ring — մատանի

2. leggings — լեգինգներ

3. trousers — տաբատ

4. shirt — վերնաշապիկ

5. cap — կեպի

6. tracksuit — սպորտային համազգեստ

7. trainers — սպորտային կոշիկ

8. belt — գոտի

9. coat — վերարկու

10. dress — զգեստ

11. tie — փողկապ

12. shorts — շորտեր

b. Match descriptions 1-10 to a-j.

1. They keep your hands warm — e. gloves

2. This is like a shirt, but for women — a. blouse

3. They keep your feet warm — i. socks

4. They keep your neck warm — h. scarf

5. You wear this on your head — f. hat

6. You wear these on your ears — c. earrings

7. People often wear this to a job interview. — b. suit

8. Your wear this when you go to bed. — g. pyjamas

9. You wear this under your trousers and top. — j. underwear

10. People wear these shoes to the beach. — d. flip-flops

c. Look at the photo, a remake of van Gogh’s painting The bedroom. Complete the sentences with a preposition from the list.

1. There’s a painting of a man on the left of the painting of the woman.

2. There are some clothes behind the bed.

3. There’s a chair between the bed and the table.

4. There’s a small cup in front of the two jugs on the table.

5. The two pillows on the bed are next to each other.

6. There’s a mirror above the table.

7. The chair by the bed is under the window.

LISTENING 4

Johannes Vermeer was a seventeenth century painter, from the city of Delft, in Holland. He mainly painted the people and things he saw around him: the rooms in his house, the people lived or worked there — usually women — and the the things they did every day. For example, in his work you will see women who are playing the music, reading or writing letters or working in the kitchen. Vermeer was especially good at painting light coming into a room through the windows. Partly for this reason, people often describe his as being like photography or film — his paintings can seem very «real». This painting, The Milkmaid, is one of the thes very «photographic» images. The woman, a maid or a servant, is pouring milk into a bowl. Perhaps she’s making a bread and milk pudding, because there are pieces of broken bread on the table. Nobody knows if the woman he painted was a real servant or a model. However, most people think Vermeer usually painted his wife, his daughter and his servant, not models. A famous book and film called Girl with a Pearl Earring, inspired by one of his best-known paintings, is an Imaginary story about Vermeer and his relationship with his young servant. People admired Vermeer’s paintings a lot in his lifetime, but he was never rich. There are two reasons for this.

First, because he painted very slowly. Today, there are only thirty four paintings which we can be sure are by him. Second, because he used very expensive paints. The blue paint he used for the milkmaid’s apron was made of lapis lazuli, which was a very expensive stone. People loved this painting from the very beginning, and although it is very small — only forty-six by forty-one centimetres — twenty years after Vermeer died, somebody bought the painting for the hundred seventy five Dutch guilders. That was an enormous amount of money for the time.

Claude Monet. Կլոդ Մոնե

The painter was born in 1840 in the family of a grocer in Paris, but spent his youth in Normandy in the city of Le Havre, where his family moved in 1845. There he was engaged in drawing since childhood and even made money from it. There he met his first teacher, Eugene Boudin. Նկարիչը ծնվել է 1840 թվականին Փարիզում նպարավաճառի ընտանիքում, սակայն իր պատանեկությունն անցկացրել է Նորմանդիայում՝ Լե Հավր քաղաքում, որտեղ ընտանիքը տեղափոխվել է 1845 թվականին։ Այնտեղ նա մանկուց զբաղվել է նկարչությամբ և նույնիսկ դրանից գումար է վաստակել։ Այնտեղ նա հանդիպեց իր առաջին ուսուցչին՝ Յուջին Բուդինին։

At the age of 20, Monet was drafted into the army. He had the chance to serve in Algeria, but less than two years had passed before the future artist contracted typhoid fever, and his aunt helped him pay off his service. Returning to France, Claude entered the university, but was dissatisfied with the approach to teaching and left his studies, moving to a painting studio organized by Charles Gleyre. This studio brought him together with such artists as Renoir, Sisley, Basil. In them he found like-minded people in art and, together with them, formed the center of the birth of impressionism. 20 տարեկանում Մոնեն զորակոչվեց բանակ։ Նա հնարավորություն ուներ ծառայելու Ալժիրում, բայց երկու տարի էլ չէր անցել, երբ ապագա նկարիչը վարակվեց տիֆով, և մորաքույրն օգնեց նրան հրաժարվել իր ծառայությունից։ Վերադառնալով Ֆրանսիա՝ Կլոդը ընդունվում է համալսարան, սակայն դժգոհ է դասավանդման մոտեցումից և թողնում է ուսումը, տեղափոխվելով Շառլ Գլեյրի կազմակերպած նկարչական ստուդիա։ Այս ստուդիան նրան համախմբեց այնպիսի արտիստների հետ, ինչպիսիք են Ռենուարը, Սիսլին, Բազիլը։ Նրանց մեջ նա գտավ արվեստում համախոհներ և նրանց հետ միասին կազմեց իմպրեսիոնիզմի ծննդյան կենտրոնը։

Important Art by Claude Monet

  • 1866-67. Women in the Garden.
  • 1871. Westminster Bridge (aka The Thames below Westminster)
  • 1873. Boulevard des Capucines.
  • 1875. Woman with a Parasol — Madame Monet and Her Son.
  • 1878. The Rue Montorgueil in Paris.
  • 1894. Rouen Cathedral: The Facade at Sunset.
  • 1915-26. Water Lilies.

Homework

Exercises 1.17, 1.19, 1.20 page 9

1. 17

Snake

He likes going to concerts.

he meets interesting people on dates.

Zebra

He pays for the meals.

He wears smart clothes.

iz

He uses reading glasses.

He watches a lot of matches.

1.19

My name is Elspbeth, I’m 25, I’m a journalist. I live in Doublin and I’m single. It is not easy to meet people here. So who can help me? My mother and dating app. My favourite dating app called Tinder shows you photos of possible partners with the best information about them. You look at this photos and swipe, swipe, swipe. Swipe right if you like them, swipe left if you toned. If a guy likes you and you like him you have a match and you can start messaging the person and from this romance follow or…. I have tried this, but with no success. So I decide to give my mother phone. She can swipe all my matches and choose the people the she likes the best. I have promise to go on a date with the man she chooses.

1.20

Date one: My first date is with a nice guy, called John. I sat at the table in a bar and wait for him to arrive. An old man walks towards the table and two or four seconds I think it is a terrible mistake, but he walks passed and then my date arrives. He is very tall, one point ninety meters (1.90). *Well done mum* I told myself I always looked for tall man, as my mum knows well. We started chatting and it is all very easy. Mum has good taste. He is a teacher. We guess on well and it is a fun date, but suddenly there is not a spark. So I try again.

Date two: I arrive a bit early again and sit there waiting for Sebastian to arrive. Suddenly I realise I can’t remember at all about him, not even where is he from. Then comed through the door tall, dark and handsome man, *Mum you’re amazing* I said to myself. He is from Germany, but he lives in Doublin. He is a real gentleman. At the end of the evening he asks for second date, *Mum is very pleased*. I agree to the date, but I don’t really think it is going to work.

Who is he/she?

He/She’s not that tall, he/she has brown eyes, a small nose, he/she is stubborn and friendly. Loves to be the center of attention. He/She also laughs and jokes a lot. Նա այնքան էլ բարձրահասակ չէ, ունի շագանակագույն աչքեր, փոքր քիթ, նա համառ է և ընկերասեր: Սիրում է լինել ուշադրության կենտրոնում։ Նա նաև շատ է ծիծաղում և կատակում:

Tour to Shirak region

Organizers. Lia Avetisyan, Gohar Simonyan

Participants. Students

Amount paid to the driver. 75.000 AMD

Brand. Mercedes Sprinter (21 seats)

Amount paid to the guide. 50.000 AMD

Price of tour package — 10.500 AMD

First day.

  • Departure from Radisson BLU hotel (09:00 am)
  • Ohanavan
  • Harichavank
  • Mher Mkrtchyan’s house-museum
  • Food Time (58/2 Gorki street)
  • Black Fort
  • Mother Armenia
  • Araks hotel complex (overnight accommodation) (price — 13.500 AMD)

Second day.

  • Breakfast at the hotel
  • House of Dzithoghtsonts
  • Talin Catholic Church
  • Aruch caravanserai
  • Return to Radisson BLU hotel

Tourism in Erevan

National Gallery

The National Gallery of Armenia was founded in 1921, is the country’s major art gallery. Nowadays National Gallery of Armenia has about 40 000 pieces of art. The Gallery carries out a variety of events and a number of important cultural and educational programs. Every year students of History, Culturology and History of Arts Departments from the different Armenian and foreign universities have their professional practice courses in the museum. (Հայաստանի ազգային պատկերասրահը հիմնադրվել է 1921 թվականին և հանդիսանում է երկրի գլխավոր արվեստի պատկերասրահը։ Այսօր Հայաստանի ազգային պատկերասրահն ունի շուրջ 40 000 արվեստի նմուշ։ Պատկերասրահն իրականացնում է բազմաբնույթ միջոցառումներ և մի շարք կարևոր մշակութային և կրթական ծրագրեր։ Ամեն տարի թանգարանում իրենց մասնագիտական ​​պրակտիկայի դասընթացներն են անցկացնում Հայաստանի և արտասահմանյան տարբեր բուհերի պատմության, մշակութաբանության և արվեստների պատմության բաժինների ուսանողները).

The prominent Armenian artist, Martiros Sarian, was the first Director of the museum. The largest part of the Armenian collection is dedicated to the work of classical Armenian
painters such as Vardges Sureniants, Stepan Aghajanian, Yeghishe Tadevosyan, Gevorg Bashinjaghian, Martiros Saryan, Hakob Kojoyan, Arshak Fetvadjian and others. (Թանգարանի առաջին տնօրենը եղել է հայ ականավոր նկարիչ Մարտիրոս Սարյանը։ Հայկական ժողովածուի ամենամեծ մասը նվիրված է դասական հայերենի ստեղծագործության նկարիչներին, ինչպիսիք են Վարդգես Սուրենյանցը, Ստեփան Աղաջանյանը, Եղիշե Թադևոսյանը, Գևորգ Բաշինջաղյանը, Մարտիրոս Սարյանը, Հակոբ Կոջոյանը, Արշակ Ֆեթվաջյանը և այլք).

Cascade

There is nothing like the Cascade Monument anywhere on the post-Soviet territory. The Cascade Monument is located in the very beginning of the street bearing the name of Architect Tamanian. Building of the Cascade Monument began in the 1970s and was completed in 1981. it is neither a monument nor a building. The top of the Cascade can be reached by a long set of escalators, and opens up a view of Yerevan and Mount Ararat in the distance. The Opera House and other notable buildings are also easily visible from the very heights. (Հետխորհրդային տարածքում ոչ մի տեղ չկա Կասկադի հուշարձանի նման: Ճարտարապետ Թամանյանի անունը կրող փողոցի հենց սկզբնամասում է գտնվում Կասկադի հուշարձանը։ Կասկադի հուշարձանի շինարարությունը սկսվել է 1970-ական թվականներին և ավարտվել 1981 թվականին։ Այն ոչ հուշարձան է, ոչ էլ շենք։ Կասկադի գագաթին կարելի է հասնել երկար շարժասանդուղքներով և հեռվից բացում է տեսարան դեպի Երևան և Արարատ լեռ: Օպերան և այլ նշանավոր շենքերը նույնպես հեշտությամբ տեսանելի են հենց բարձունքից).

Vernissage

Vernissage is an open-air market. Vernissage is located behind Republic Square metro on Nalbandyan street. Getting there from Yerevan’s main streets is very easy. (Վերնիսաժը բացօթյա շուկա է։ Վերնիսաժը գտնվում է Հանրապետության հրապարակի մետրոյի հետնամասում՝ Նալբանդյան փողոցում։ Երևանի գլխավոր փողոցներից այնտեղ հասնելը շատ հեշտ է).

It’s not only the best place to buy your Armenian souvenirs, but it’s also the perfect place to observe locals and people-watch for hours. You can find everything here. From very modern pieces to old traditional Armenian goods, everything you could dream of is sold at Vernissage. (Սա ոչ միայն լավագույն վայրն է ձեր հայկական հուշանվերները գնելու համար, այլև կատարյալ վայր է տեղացիներին և մարդկանց ժամերով դիտելու համար: Այստեղ կարող եք գտնել ամեն ինչ։ Շատ ժամանակակից կտորներից մինչև հին ավանդական հայկական ապրանքներ Վերնիսաժում վաճառվում է այն ամենը, ինչի մասին կարող էիր երազել).

Matenadaran

The Mesrop Mashtots Institute of Ancient Manuscripts also known as Matenadaran is a depository of ancient manuscripts and has one of the biggest collections in Armenia. It was founded in 1959. The word “Matenadaran” means “holder of manuscripts,” or “manuscript collector”. (Մեսրոպ Մաշտոցի անվան հին ձեռագրերի ինստիտուտը, որը հայտնի է նաև որպես Մատենադարան, հին ձեռագրերի պահոց է և ունի Հայաստանի ամենամեծ հավաքածուներից մեկը։ Այն հիմնադրվել է 1959 թվականին: Մատենադարան բառը նշանակում է «ձեռագրերի տեր» կամ «ձեռագրեր հավաքող»).

The Matenadaran has consolidated about 23,000 manuscripts, including almost all areas of ancient and medieval Armenian cultural and sciences – history, geography, grammar, philosophy, law, medicine, mathematics, cosmology, chronology, divination literature, translated and national literature, miniature painting, music and theater. (Մատենադարանը համախմբել է մոտ 23000 ձեռագիր, ներառյալ հին և միջնադարյան հայ մշակույթի և գիտությունների գրեթե բոլոր ոլորտները՝ պատմություն, աշխարհագրություն, քերականություն, փիլիսոփայություն, իրավունք, բժշկություն, մաթեմատիկա, տիեզերագիտություն, ժամանակագրություն, գուշակություն, թարգմանական և ազգային գրականություն, մանրանկարչություն, երաժշտություն և թատրոն).

Matenadaran also holds manuscripts in Arabic, Persian, Greek, Ethiopian, Syrian, Latin, Tamil, and other languages. Many originals, lost in their mother languages and known only by their Armenian translations, have been saved from loss by medieval translations. (Մատենադարանում պահվում են նաև արաբերեն, պարսկերեն, հունարեն, եթովպերեն, սիրիերեն, լատիներեն, թամիլերեն և այլ լեզուներով ձեռագրեր։ Բազմաթիվ բնագրեր, որոնք կորել են մայրենի լեզուներով և հայտնի են միայն հայերեն թարգմանություններով, կորստից փրկվել են միջնադարյան թարգմանություններով).

Modern Art Museum

The Modern Art Museum of Yerevan which was the first in the area of former the Soviet Union was opened in 1972 by Henrik Igityan․ It is located on Mashtots Avenue in the central part of Yerevan. (Երևանի ժամանակակից արվեստի թանգարանը, որն առաջինն էր նախկին Խորհրդային Միության տարածքում, բացվել է 1972 թվականին Հենրիկ Իգիթյանի կողմից։ Այն գտնվում է Մաշտոցի պողոտայում՝ Երևանի կենտրոնական մասում).

The first exhibition of the museum was the collection of 60’s painters. The museum’s exhibits were demonstrated in many countries of the world: France, Italy, the Netherlands, Denmark, Poland, Portugal. (Թանգարանի առաջին ցուցադրությունը 60-ականների նկարիչների հավաքածուն էր։ Թանգարանի ցուցանմուշները ցուցադրվել են աշխարհի շատ երկրներում՝ Ֆրանսիա, Իտալիա, Նիդեռլանդներ, Դանիա, Լեհաստան, Պորտուգալիա).

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Individual project. Kecharis monastery. Bjni fortress

The monastery complex Kecharis (11-13 centuries) was one of the most important religious and cultural centers, which is located in the north-west of the city of Tsaghkadzor in the Kotayk region. The Kecharis complex includes 4 churches, a parish, 2 chapels, as well as many khachkars of the 12th-13th centuries. The Church of St. Gregory the Illuminator is a domed hall with 2 two-storey sacristies on both sides of the altar. The domed church of St. Nshan is south of the main church; it is also supposed to have been built by Grigor Magistros in 1051.

Due to the Seljuk yoke in the 12th century, the monastery was thoroughly damaged. In 1151-65, Amirspalasar Zachary liberated the monastery and revived the spiritual life of the monastery. Located in the south of the complex, the Church of St. Katoghike was built in 1203-14 by Prince Vasak Khagbakyan. Outside the complex of monuments (at a distance of 120 m) there is a small church of St. Harutyun (St. Sunday); the vestibule at the western facade, together with the composition of the church, form one whole. On the territory of Kecharis there are many khachkars of the 12th-13th centuries, which give the monastery complex a special brilliance, becoming its inseparable elements.

Throughout its history, Kecharis Monastery has been restored several times. For the first time, the churches of the monastery were repaired after the Mongol invasions in 1248. In 1947-49, the domes of churches were restored, and the territory of the monastery was surrounded by a fortress wall. In 1990, the churches of St. Gregory the Illuminator and St. Katoghike were rebuilt. In 2000, Kecharis Monastery was reconsecrated. The Church of St. Gregory the Illuminator today serves as the Diocese of Kotayk.

Bjni fortress

The Fortress of Bjni was built in the 9th-10th centuries by the Pahlavuni Princes in the village of Bjni, which was first mentioned in Armenian historian and chronicler Ghazar Parpetsi’s “History of Armenia.”

Years long the fortress used to be the primary fortification of the province of Nig, which protected and guarded Bjni. In its turn, the fortress is protected by rocks to the south, east and partially, to the west. As to the north and west, the fortress was surrounded by pyramid-like walls. They are now half-ruined. The ruins and traces of various building-structures can be seen in the fortress.

Note that the walls of the fortress can be seen only from the western side of the village of Bjni.

Bjni Fortress was built in the 9th-10th centuries by the Pahlavuni Princes who originated from the Bagratuni dynasty. The fortress was later reconstructed by Vasak-Holum Pahlavuni, the commander-in-chief of the Armenians. During the tenth century the village of Bjni was the residence of the commander. And also, in 1066 the election of the Catholicos of All Armenians was held in Bjni.

The mentioned period is pictured in “Chronicle” by Armenian historian Mathew of Edessa who, in all probability, began writing it in 1113 and completed in 1140. Written in a dialect of Western Armenian the work covers the events of the second half of the tenth century up to the second half of the twelfth century. The part regarding Bjni Fortress recounts the invasions of Turkish soldiers in 1021. It was then that Vasak learned that the entire district of Nig was enslaved. It was followed by the battle near the River of Qasagh. Feeling exhausted Vasak decided to rest at a mountain and while asleep the commander was struck and thrown off of a rock.

Individual project. Ereruyk, Sardarapat

Yereruik is an ancient Armenian church located in the village of Anipemza (Shirak region), on the left bank of the Akhuryan River. This is a three-nave basilica built on the site of a pagan temple in the 4th-5th centuries. The six-pillared church was built of bright orange tuff, but is now in a dilapidated state. The word «ereruyk» may come from an ancient word meaning «sacrifice», «offering». According to another version, the word «ereruyk» comes from the Armenian word «hereral» («երերալ»), that is, «stagger». To those who looked at the temple from afar, due to the construction of the building, it seemed that the temple was staggering.

Yereruik is an early Christian building, incorporating the traditions of ancient architecture. The time of its appearance is considered to be the 5th century. The most interesting and at the same time surprising fact is that historians have never mentioned any facts or dates regarding this strange building. The only fact that can be considered is that the building was built in antiquity and it holds a secret that will one day be revealed. One of the few inscriptions is an entry on the left side of one of the entrances. The entry refers to the wife of the Bagratid king Hovhannes-Smbat, who donated funds to renovate the temple.

Sardarapat

Sardarapat is the architectural and sculptural complex located 10 km from Armavir. It was established in 1968 in commemoration of the victory of Armenians over Turkish aggressors in 1918. In 1918 the Turkish army intruded Ararat valley, occupied the village of Sardarapat and approached Yerevan . On May 22nd, 1918 the crucial battle took place there and brought victory to Armenian people. In the commemoration of the 50th anniversary of that historical battle in May, 1968 this architectural complex was opened. This structure has no prototypes in Armenian architecture. There the architecture and sculpture are harmoniously combined. The complex is built from red tuff. Especially original is the beautiful 35-m belfry-tomb with massive sculptural winged bulls on both sides. The idea of this composition is as follows: the belfry was erected on the place of the graves of the fallen fighters, and the holy bulls symbolize the surviving soldiers of Sardarapat guarding the tomb.

It is worth mentioning that Sardarapat is a huge well-kept park where the complex is situated. You can get to the memorial wall with the triumphal arch on the alley with the sculptures of eagles symbolizing the fighters’ courage.

The memorial wall is decorated with a number of beautiful bas-reliefs and high reliefs.

Behind the memorial wall the building of the Ethnographic Museum is located. The museum has the big collection of objects from various historical periods and regions of Armenia.

Individual project. Matosavank, Vanevan monastery

Matosavank Monastery is located in Tavush regionof Armenia, 3.5 km northwest of Dilijan city, on the forested plateau on the right bank of the Bldan River, on the hillside in front of Jukhtak Monastery. The medieval monument consists of three adjacent structures a church, a vestibule and a library. To the south-east of the monument is a medieval cemetery with rough tombstones and khachkar pedestals.

St. Astvatsatsin Church — According to the construction protocol of the front stone of the western entrance, the church was built in Jordan in 1247. It is a small vaulted structure, semi-finished, lined with large stones. The only entrance is from the west. On both sides of the entrance there are sculpted khachkars with broken fragments. It was also called S. Pghndzahank S. Astvatsatsin Church. Under the northern wall of the church is placed 1251. A large khachkar with an inscription.

The vestibule is adjacent to the church from the west. The entrance is from the north. Has a square layout. It is a covered building, built of semi-finished stones of different sizes. It is plastered with lime mortar inside. A narrow window opens into the western wall. Construction time is unknown. There are several rough and unmarked tombstones on the floor of the vestibule.

The bookstore is adjacent to the vestibule from the north, connected to it by a wide opening. It is a narrow, small building built of large flat stones. It also has a separate entrance from the east. The windows open into the south wall.

Vanevan monastery

Vanevan (Վանևան) Monastery is located 24 km southeast of the Artsvanist village, Gegharkunik Province, Armenia. The medieval one-nave basilica of St. Gregory the Illuminator adjoins the monastery from the south. 

It was built under Armenian sparapet Shapouh Bagratuni with the guidance of his sister, Sunian princess Mariam. He also founded the monastery order and put four villages and mills under its jurisdiction.

The Church of St. Gregory the Illuminator was built of uncut basalt while its arches and the dome were made of tuff. It has a pair of sacristies in the eastern part.

According to historian and archeologist Stepanos Orbelian, the Armenian king Smbat I Bagratuni was buried in Vanevan in 914. In the 980s, the monastery was reconstructed and received an additional porch between two main church buildings, which was in all likelihood build at the initiative of Gagik, the son of the Armenian king Ashot III Voghormats (Gracious) and the future king of Armenia.

In 1502, one Bishop Melkiset was buried in the courtyard of the church. A large khachkar (cross-stone) was then erected on his grave. In 1871-1880, the abbot of the monastery, Theodoros Shirakatsi, initiated the renovation of the monastery buildings.

Ararat region

Ararat is one of the regions of Armenia. The administrative center and the largest town of the province is Artashat. The province was named after the biblical Mount Ararat. Ararat is bordered by Armavir Province from the northwest, Kotayk Province from the north, Gegharkunik Province from the east, Vayots Dzor province from southeast. The majority of the Ararat Province population are ethnic Armenians who belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church. 

Sights of Ararat Region

Ararat Province is famous for Khosrov Forest State Reserve, covering some parts of the Geghama Ridge.
Among the other sights of interest of the region are the monastery of Khor Virap, the monastery Aghjuts, Havuts Tar, Shenats Vanq, the Kakavaberd fortress, and also the ruins of ancient capital Dvin.  

Khor Virap

Khor Virap is Armenian for “deep pit”. This is where Saint Gregory the Illuminator (“Surb Grigor Lusavorich” in Armenian) was imprisoned for 13 years living in this deep pit. In a way, this can be seen as a monument to the birth of Armenian Christianity. The monastery is about 8 kilometers from Artashat, close to the Turkish border. The monastery is very close to the mountain, and you can even see the border with Turkey from there. The church that stands today was actually built in 17 century.

Azat Reservoir

It was built near the Lanjazat village, on the Azat River. The reservoir is used for irrigation of the Ararat valley, where the irrigated agriculture is developed. The territory of the reservoir is very beautiful. The volume of the Azat reservoir is about 70 million cubic meters. The reservoir is famous for the wealth of fish stocks, so it is very popular with fishermen.

Kakavaberd

Kaqavaberd fortress is located on the top of 2075 m high mountain, surrounded by deep valleys on three sides. Kaqavaberd is of great historical and cultural value; for centuries, its role has been widely used to study the history of both Mazaz province and the entire Ayrarat province. Kakavaberd is one of the best examples of castle construction in historical Armenia.

Towns of Ararat region

Artashat

Artashat is located in the Ararat plain, on the bank of the Araks River. It is the administrative centre of the Ararat region. Artashat was founded in 1945 in Soviet Armenia and was named after the ancient city of Artashat which was located not far from the present-day town. This city is one of the oldest cities in Armenia. The most famous monument in modern Artashat is the statue of the Armenian King Artashes 1st. 

Masis

The city is located in the central part of Ararat valley, and on the bank of Hrazdan River. Masis is one of the closest settlements to Mount Ararat. The name of the city derives from the highest peak of Mount Ararat. The History of Armenia connects the name “Masis” with king Amasia, the great-grandson of the Armenian patriarch Hayk. The main historical and cultural monuments of the town are St. Thaddeus Church which was completely rebuilt in 2015, and the beautiful 19th-century church known as the Holy Mother of God. Currently, the town has a public library and a music school named after Arno Babajanian.

Vedi

The name of the city is derived from the Arabic word «wadi» which means valley. The former name of the city was Viti, Veti, but in 1946 it was renamed Vedi and in 1963 the city got a status of an urban settlement. Probably the territory of Vedi has been settled since the Urartian period. The settlement was first mentioned by Historian Stephen Orbelian in his book called «History of Syunik region». There is a monument dedicated to the victims of the Armenian Genocide. Another important cultural building of the city is the Church of St Astvatsatsin. There are many cafés, restaurants and fast food stores in the centre of Vedi.

Past perfect continuous, Past perfect

1. he had been waiting for 3 hours when his friend finally arrived. 

2. Bob had been playing football long when his mother arrived.

3. I had been working for an hour when she came.

4. Maria had been speaking all morning, so she lost her voice.

5. She had been running for 5 hours before she saw a village.

1. She had not worked before she graduated an university.

Had she worked before she graduated an university?

She had not worked she graduated an university.

She had worked before she graduated an university.

2. She said that he hadn’t passed the exams yet.

Had she said that she passed the exams yet?

She said that he had passed the exams yet.

3. We eaten anything before we went to bed.

Had we eaten anything before we went to bed?

We had not eaten anything before we went to bed.

4. He had cooked dinner when they arrived.

Had he cooked dinner when they arrived?

He had not cooked dinner when they arrived.

5. My family was surprised to know I had passed all the exams successfully.

Was my family surprised to know I had passed all the exams successfully?

My family was not surprised to know I had passed all the exams successfully.